The Penman-Millington-Quirk (PMQ) Vapour diffusion model.
The vapour diffusion can be described by [28], [29],
D_v=D_0 \left(\frac{T}{273.15}\right)^{n} D_{vr},
where D_{0} is the base diffusion coefficient with default value 2.16\cdot 10^{-5} {\text m}^2 \text{Pa}/(\text{s}\text{K}^{n}), n is the exponent with default value 1.8, D_{vr} is the the relative diffusion coefficient, and T is the temperature.
The Penman–Millington–Quirk (PMQ) model [28] is given as
D_{vr}=0.66 \phi \left(\frac{\kappa}{\phi}\right)^{\frac{12-m}{3}},
where \phi is the total porosity, \kappa is the air filled porosity, and m is a fitting parameter. The air filled porosity is defined as \kappa = \phi-\theta = \phi -S_L \phi with \theta the liquid content, and S_L the liquid saturation.
According to the study presented in [28], m=6 is the best fitting parameter for the sieved, repacked soils that the authors tested. Therefore, m=6 is used in the implementation, which gives
D_{vr}=0.66 \phi (1 - S_L )^2.
Note: In order to maintain consistency with the implementation of the computations of other vapor-related parameters, \phi (1 - S_L ) is removed from the implementation for this class and is multiplied back in the local assembler.
Used in no end-to-end test cases.