BHE_1U.cpp

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// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) OpenGeoSys Community (opengeosys.org)
// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
 
#include "BHE_1U.h"
 
#include <numbers>
 
#include "FlowAndTemperatureControl.h"
#include "Physics.h"
#include "ThermoMechanicalFlowProperties.h"
 
namespace ProcessLib
{
namespace HeatTransportBHE
{
namespace BHE
{
BHE_1U::BHE_1U(BoreholeGeometry const& borehole,
               RefrigerantProperties const& refrigerant,
               GroutParameters const& grout,
               FlowAndTemperatureControl const& flowAndTemperatureControl,
               PipeConfigurationUType const& pipes,
               bool const use_python_bcs)
    : BHECommonUType{borehole, refrigerant,   grout, flowAndTemperatureControl,
                     pipes,    use_python_bcs}
{
    _thermal_resistances.fill(std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN());
 
    // Initialize thermal resistances.
    auto values = visit(
        [&](auto const& control) {
            return control(refrigerant.reference_temperature,
                           0. /* initial time */);
        },
        flowAndTemperatureControl);
    updateHeatTransferCoefficients(values.flow_rate);
}
 
std::array<double, BHE_1U::number_of_unknowns> BHE_1U::pipeHeatCapacities()
    const
{
    double const rho_r = refrigerant.density;
    double const specific_heat_capacity = refrigerant.specific_heat_capacity;
    double const rho_g = grout.rho_g;
    double const porosity_g = grout.porosity_g;
    double const heat_cap_g = grout.heat_cap_g;
 
    return {{/*i1*/ rho_r * specific_heat_capacity,
             /*o1*/ rho_r * specific_heat_capacity,
             /*g1*/ (1.0 - porosity_g) * rho_g * heat_cap_g,
             /*g2*/ (1.0 - porosity_g) * rho_g * heat_cap_g}};
}
 
std::array<double, BHE_1U::number_of_unknowns> BHE_1U::pipeHeatConductions()
    const
{
    double const lambda_r = refrigerant.thermal_conductivity;
    double const rho_r = refrigerant.density;
    double const Cp_r = refrigerant.specific_heat_capacity;
    double const alpha_L = _pipes.longitudinal_dispersion_length;
    double const porosity_g = grout.porosity_g;
    double const lambda_g = grout.lambda_g;
 
    double const velocity_norm = std::abs(_flow_velocity);
 
    // Here we calculate the laplace coefficients in the governing
    // equations of BHE. These governing equations can be found in
    // 1) Diersch (2013) FEFLOW book on page 952, M.120-122, or
    // 2) Diersch (2011) Comp & Geosci 37:1122-1135, Eq. 19-22.
    return {{// pipe i1, Eq. 19
             (lambda_r + rho_r * Cp_r * alpha_L * velocity_norm),
             // pipe o1, Eq. 20
             (lambda_r + rho_r * Cp_r * alpha_L * velocity_norm),
             // pipe g1, Eq. 21
             (1.0 - porosity_g) * lambda_g,
             // pipe g2, Eq. 22
             (1.0 - porosity_g) * lambda_g}};
}
 
std::array<Eigen::Vector3d, BHE_1U::number_of_unknowns>
BHE_1U::pipeAdvectionVectors(Eigen::Vector3d const& /*elem_direction*/) const
{
    double const& rho_r = refrigerant.density;
    double const& Cp_r = refrigerant.specific_heat_capacity;
 
    return {{// pipe i1, Eq. 19
             {0, 0, -rho_r * Cp_r * _flow_velocity},
             // pipe o1, Eq. 20
             {0, 0, rho_r * Cp_r * _flow_velocity},
             // grout g1, Eq. 21
             {0, 0, 0},
             // grout g2, Eq. 22
             {0, 0, 0}}};
}
 
double compute_R_gs(double const chi, double const R_g)
{
    return (1 - chi) * R_g;
}
 
double compute_R_gg(double const chi, double const R_gs, double const R_ar,
                    double const R_g)
{
    double const R_gg = 2.0 * R_gs * (R_ar - 2.0 * chi * R_g) /
                        (2.0 * R_gs - R_ar + 2.0 * chi * R_g);
    if (!std::isfinite(R_gg))
    {
        OGS_FATAL(
            "Error!!! Grout Thermal Resistance is an infinite number! The "
            "simulation will be stopped!");
    }
 
    return R_gg;
}

std::array<double, 3> thermalResistancesGroutSoil(double const chi,
                                                  double const R_ar,
                                                  double const R_g)
{
    double R_gs = compute_R_gs(chi, R_g);
    double R_gg =
        compute_R_gg(chi, R_gs, R_ar, R_g);  // Resulting thermal resistances.
    double new_chi = chi;
 
    auto constraint = [&]()
    { return 1.0 / ((1.0 / R_gg) + (1.0 / (2.0 * R_gs))); };
 
    std::array<double, 3> const multiplier{chi * 2.0 / 3.0, chi * 1.0 / 3.0,
                                           0.0};
    for (double m_chi : multiplier)
    {
        if (constraint() >= 0)
        {
            break;
        }
        DBUG(
            "Warning! Correction procedure was applied due to negative thermal "
            "resistance! Chi = {:f}.\n",
            m_chi);
 
        R_gs = compute_R_gs(m_chi, R_g);
        R_gg = compute_R_gg(m_chi, R_gs, R_ar, R_g);
        new_chi = m_chi;
    }
 
    return {new_chi, R_gg, R_gs};
}
 
void BHE_1U::updateHeatTransferCoefficients(double const flow_rate)
 
{
    auto const tm_flow_properties = calculateThermoMechanicalFlowPropertiesPipe(
        _pipes.inlet, borehole_geometry.length, refrigerant, flow_rate);
 
    _flow_velocity = tm_flow_properties.velocity;
    _thermal_resistances =
        calcThermalResistances(tm_flow_properties.nusselt_number);
}

std::array<double, BHE_1U::number_of_unknowns> BHE_1U::calcThermalResistances(
    double const Nu)
{
    constexpr double pi = std::numbers::pi;
 
    double const lambda_r = refrigerant.thermal_conductivity;
    double const lambda_g = grout.lambda_g;
    double const lambda_p = _pipes.inlet.wall_thermal_conductivity;
 
    // thermal resistances due to advective flow of refrigerant in the _pipes
    // Eq. 36 in Diersch_2011_CG
    double const R_adv_i1 = 1.0 / (Nu * lambda_r * pi);
    double const R_adv_o1 = 1.0 / (Nu * lambda_r * pi);
 
    // thermal resistance due to thermal conductivity of the pipe wall material
    // Eq. 49
    double const R_con_a =
        std::log(_pipes.inlet.outsideDiameter() / _pipes.inlet.diameter) /
        (2.0 * pi * lambda_p);
 
    // the average outer diameter of the _pipes
    double const d0 = _pipes.inlet.outsideDiameter();
    double const D = borehole_geometry.diameter;
    // Eq. 51
    double const chi = std::log(std::sqrt(D * D + 2 * d0 * d0) / 2 / d0) /
                       std::log(D / std::sqrt(2) / d0);
    // Eq. 52
    // thermal resistances of the grout
    double const R_g =
        std::acosh((D * D + d0 * d0 - _pipes.distance * _pipes.distance) /
                   (2 * D * d0)) /
        (2 * pi * lambda_g) * (1.601 - 0.888 * _pipes.distance / D);
 
    // thermal resistance due to inter-grout exchange
    double const R_ar =
        std::acosh((2.0 * _pipes.distance * _pipes.distance - d0 * d0) / d0 /
                   d0) /
        (2.0 * pi * lambda_g);
 
    auto const [chi_new, R_gg, R_gs] =
        thermalResistancesGroutSoil(chi, R_ar, R_g);
 
    // thermal resistance due to the grout transition.
    double const R_con_b = chi_new * R_g;
    // Eq. 29 and 30
    double const R_fig = R_adv_i1 + R_con_a + R_con_b;
    double const R_fog = R_adv_o1 + R_con_a + R_con_b;
 
    return {{R_fig, R_fog, R_gg, R_gs}};
 
    // keep the following lines------------------------------------------------
    // when debugging the code, printing the R and phi values are needed--------
    // std::cout << "Rfig =" << R_fig << " Rfog =" << R_fog << " Rgg =" <<
    // R_gg << " Rgs =" << R_gs << "\n"; double phi_fig = 1.0 / (R_fig *
    // S_i); double phi_fog = 1.0 / (R_fog * S_o); double phi_gg = 1.0 / (R_gg
    // * S_g1); double phi_gs = 1.0 / (R_gs * S_gs); std::cout << "phi_fig ="
    // << phi_fig << " phi_fog =" << phi_fog << " phi_gg =" << phi_gg << "
    // phi_gs =" << phi_gs << "\n";
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
 
std::array<std::pair<std::size_t /*node_id*/, int /*component*/>, 2>
BHE_1U::getBHEInflowDirichletBCNodesAndComponents(
    std::size_t const top_node_id,
    std::size_t const /*bottom_node_id*/,
    int const in_component_id)
{
    return {std::make_pair(top_node_id, in_component_id),
            std::make_pair(top_node_id, in_component_id + 1)};
}
 
std::optional<
    std::array<std::pair<std::size_t /*node_id*/, int /*component*/>, 2>>
BHE_1U::getBHEBottomDirichletBCNodesAndComponents(
    std::size_t const bottom_node_id,
    int const in_component_id,
    int const out_component_id)
{
    return {{std::make_pair(bottom_node_id, in_component_id),
             std::make_pair(bottom_node_id, out_component_id)}};
}
 
std::array<double, BHE_1U::number_of_unknowns> BHE_1U::crossSectionAreas() const
{
    return {{_pipes.inlet.area(), _pipes.outlet.area(),
             borehole_geometry.area() / 2 - _pipes.inlet.outsideArea(),
             borehole_geometry.area() / 2 - _pipes.outlet.outsideArea()}};
}
 
double BHE_1U::updateFlowRateAndTemperature(double const T_out,
                                            double const current_time)
{
    auto values =
        visit([&](auto const& control) { return control(T_out, current_time); },
              flowAndTemperatureControl);
    updateHeatTransferCoefficients(values.flow_rate);
    return values.temperature;
}
}  // namespace BHE
}  // namespace HeatTransportBHE
}  // namespace ProcessLib